{"id":23793,"date":"2024-08-31T01:01:28","date_gmt":"2024-08-30T17:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/?p=23793"},"modified":"2024-08-31T06:11:16","modified_gmt":"2024-08-30T22:11:16","slug":"how-does-the-electrical-conductivity-of-api","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/how-does-the-electrical-conductivity-of-api\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API so v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ASTM nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_50 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\" role=\"button\"><label for=\"item-6a67eb642360e\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a67eb642360e\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/how-does-the-electrical-conductivity-of-api\/#Do_dan_dien_cua_ong_API\" title=\"\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng \u00a0API\">\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng \u00a0API<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/how-does-the-electrical-conductivity-of-api\/#So_sanh_ong_ASTM_va_ong_API\" title=\"So s\u00e1nh \u1ed1ng ASTM v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng API\">So s\u00e1nh \u1ed1ng ASTM v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng API<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/how-does-the-electrical-conductivity-of-api\/#Cac_yeu_to_anh_huong_den_do_dan_dien_trong_duong_ong\" title=\"C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng\">C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 id=\"electrical-conductivity-of-api-pipes-wpaicgheading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Do_dan_dien_cua_ong_API\"><\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng <strong>\u00a0API<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>\n\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. \u1ed0ng API, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n do Vi\u1ec7n D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1eaft khe. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1ed1ng ASTM tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n do Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Hoa K\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<div class=\"entry-content-asset videofit\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"oil casing,casing process,oilfield casing,casing oilfield,casing an oil well,oil well casing\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rr_qoUKWGrw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"\/tag\/api-5ct-l80-1-casing-companies\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><a href=\"\/tag\/api-5ct-l80\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><a href=\"\/tag\/api-5ct\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>api <strong> 5CT<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"\/tag\/l80\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><a href=\"\/tag\/l80-2\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>l80<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/a>-1 <a href=\"\/tag\/casing-companies\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><a href=\"\/tag\/casing\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>casing<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"\/tag\/companies\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Companies<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/a>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ed0ng API th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p carbon, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ca-t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API cho ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 tuy c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00e9p cacbon. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ASTM trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ASTM, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/L80-API-5CT-Casing-4.jpg\" alt=\"alt-944\" class=\"wp-image-944\" id=\"i944\" \/><\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng API v\u00e0 ASTM c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u1ed0ng API tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea1m vi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa \u1ed1ng API v\u00e0 ASTM th\u01b0\u1eddng xoay quanh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng, \u1ed1ng API c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng do hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API th\u01b0\u1eddng so s\u00e1nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ASTM, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 carbon th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi ng\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"comparison-of-astm-pipes-and-api-pipes-wpaicgheading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"So_sanh_ong_ASTM_va_ong_API\"><\/span>So s\u00e1nh \u1ed1ng ASTM v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng API<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>\nKhi ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API so v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ASTM, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. API, hay Vi\u1ec7n D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 khoan, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ASTM, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Hoa K\u1ef3, cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea1m vi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh, bao g\u1ed3m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. \u1ed0ng API th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u00e9p carbon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tuy b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a. M\u1ed7i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cao.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng API v\u00e0 ASTM c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n . C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng API th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng . V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cat\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u1ed1ng ASTM th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u1ed1ng ASTM l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng API, th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n do \u0103n m\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1ed1ng ASTM \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1eaft khe h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 \u1ed1ng API v\u00e0 ASTM \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"factors-affecting-electrical-conductivity-in-pipes-wpaicgheading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_yeu_to_anh_huong_den_do_dan_dien_trong_duong_ong\"><\/span>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>\n\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng API (Vi\u1ec7n D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed Hoa K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ASTM (Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Hoa K\u1ef3). Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. \u1ed0ng API th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p carbon, c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim nh\u01b0 crom, niken v\u00e0 molypden c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng API v\u00e0 ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 h\u00e0n, \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 r\u00e8n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 pha h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, do \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c electron g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, trong khi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e1m h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn khi so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API v\u00e0 ASTM.<\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng theo. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c electron, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong khi th\u00e9p cacbon c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u1ed1ng ASTM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, ph\u1ed1t pho v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong ma tr\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ed1ng API, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng API so v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ASTM b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t . M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng \u00a0<strong>\u00a0API<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1470,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[3303,586,1315,1299,322,82,3700,1301,562,2279,1306,2289,81,85,1310,1312,1313],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"2.12.0","language":"vi","enabled_languages":["en","ar","zh","nl","fr","de","hi","id","it","ja","ko","pt","ru","es","th","tr","vi"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ar":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ko":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"th":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"vi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23793"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23793"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23793\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1470"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/petroleumtubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}